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Semi-conductor

1. Goal

Understand how a Chip made

2. Silicon

special and important to Semiconductors

By introducing different thing, we can control the flow of electricity

Transistor: amplifies and switches electrons

  • Chip is just countless assemble of transistor
  • can store and operate information

3. Ecosystem

The Semiconductor Terms That You Must Know | ‘All About Semiconductor’ by Samsung Semiconductor - YouTube

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Group

  • IDM: do both
  • Foundry: only produce
  • Fabless: only design
  • Design housr: connect fabless and foundry

4. Manufacture Process

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  1. Wafer is not conductive yet

  2. Oxidation: protection

    image-20230916172617863

  3. Photolithography

    image-20230916172704378
  4. Etching: remove unwanted oxide film

    image-20230916172806939
  5. Deposition, Ion Implantation

    image-20230916172948922

    Now wafer become conductive

  6. Metal Wiring

    image-20230916173142854

5. Memory

Two type

  • Volatile: DRAM
    • lost data after power off
    • Faster processing speed
  • Non-volatile: NAND
    • Permenant save

5.1. DRAM

Dynamic Random Access Memory

  • Cell
    • Transistor: controller
    • Capacitor: 0/1
  • Need refresh some time

Cell get smaller, the capacitor would leak

DDR: Double Data Rate

  • DDR5 further speed

5.2. SSD

HDD: magnetic disk spinning

SSD: no motor, faster speed

Like a computer

  • A controller like CPU
  • A DRAM like ram
  • A NAND Flash like disk
    • Most important

NAND

  • SLC: 1, best but most expensive
  • MLC: 2
  • TLC: 3
  • QLC: 4

6. System Memory

CPU / Mobile AP

SoC: system on chip

NPU: Run deep learning model

Sensor, DDI: capture, display

PMIC: power management

7. Sensor

High Resolution Problem:

Since the pixel size is too small

  • light leak
  • higher noise

8. Power Management

All parts use different voltage

PMIC control the battery usage

Different part need different PMIC like 10-20

  • CPU
  • Display

9. How SSD works

Garbage collection: ensure the cell earsed time are similar

Loading data from QLC would increase error

The temperature would influence the data saved.

  • The controller would store the temp

10. Packaging

  1. Cutting: laser saw
  2. Attaching: lead frame
  3. Wiring, bonding
  4. Modling